A Study On The Brazilian Performance - 2760 Words

The topic of emerging economies has been hot over the past decade or so, most notably the emergence of the group of countries known as the BRICS nations (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa). Growth rates in these economies far exceed that of more developed nations. In 2011-2013, BRICS economies posted average growth rates of 4.11% compared to 1.37% in developed economies (Lukov, 2010). By 2020 all BRICS should be in the top 10 largest economies in the world, and by 2050, they will be the most important economies, relegating America to the 6th largest economy in the world (The BRIC countries: Brazil, Russia, India and China, 2010). I have chosen to concentrate my study upon the Brazilian performance. I have chosen to do so as in†¦show more content†¦The method chosen to answer these questions, is a simple regression model. With this system, the determinants of GDP can be tested to see which variable has played the most significant role in increasing economic growth within Brazil. This then allows me to delve deeper into the reasoning behind the causation of the significant variable, scrutinizing government policy recent trends in the economy which may cause the variable to become most significant player in economic growth. Of course the other key variable of economic growth will not be ignored, and shall be analyzed alongside the key determinant. The variables upon which indicates economic growth are created using quantitative methods, as stated above, using various data from the WTO , the UK Data service, WDI and the IMF . By analyzing data between the time period 2000-2013 (latest available data), I aim to show the main causations of growth in Brazil, as ultimately growth occurs over time. Ultimately current and past policies will be analyzed and the effectiveness of these will be proven throughout the paper. [brief paragraph on findings] Following this introduction, I will undertake a critical literature review (section 3). Section 4 aims to prove why the current economic performance of Brazil and other members of the BRICS is an important topic. This will lead onto section 5 where I shall look at possible models the Brazilian government examined when setting growth

Project Management Plan For Managing Projects Essay

Abstract There are many obstacles to overcome in the realm of project management. Managers have to overcome many hurdles simply because they are working with customers who are at liberty to change their mind, budgets may change, etc. Project managers have to be able to quickly readjust and refocus in order to meet the needs of their customers and keep them happy. It is vital the project managers have certain tools and information in order to be successful at managing projects. It is said that effective project management hinges on a leader’s ability to identify a precise goal, construct a plan for achieving a goal and staying aware of the team’s progress toward the goal (Five Secrets to Project Management Success, n.d). Keywords: project, management, managers, success Table of Contents What is Project Management? 3 Project Management Challenges Overview 3 Why IT Projects Fail 4 Poor Alignment 4 Bad Planning 4 Lack of Executive Support 5 Unclear Expectations 5 Scope Creep 6 Lack of Resources 6 Inexperience 6 Unrealistic Expectations 6 Conflict of Interests 7 Characteristics of a Successful Project Manager 7 Foresight 7 Organization 7 Leadership Abilities 8 Good communication skills 8 Knowledge 9 Ways to Measure the Success of a Project 9 Schedule 9 Scope 9 Budget 10 Team Satisfaction 10 Customer Satisfaction 10 Conclusion 11 References 11 What is Project Management? Project management is defined as â€Å"a carefully planned and organized effort to accomplishShow MoreRelatedApplied Project Management : Integrated Change Control1005 Words   |  5 PagesApplied Project Management I 1a Individual Assignment Total words-999words Firstly we shall be defining and explaining the meaning of the integration as defined by PMBOK. So basically Integration management is an essential element of the project management which controls all the aspects of any project. All the processes in a project run quite smoothly and in an oriented way when Project integration is performed properly. Project integration, when properly performed, ensures that all processesRead MoreAnalysis : Mind Maps And Work Flow Diagrams985 Words   |  4 Pagesnavigation through the Work Processes and consist of sequential blocks of activities and milestones linked in a logical format. 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Legal Aspects of International Marketing Trade and Enterprises

Question: Describe about the Legal Aspects of International Marketing Trade and Enterprises. Answer: 1. BHP Billiton is a multinational company which engages in mining and petroleum activities. Headquarter of BHP Billiton is in Melbourne. In 2011 it became the largest mining company in the world. The Strategy of BHP Billiton is to own upstream assets for the long term and with the maintenance of low cost (Australia Business Review, 2014). The Purpose of this company is to create its shareholders value by the discovery, acquisition, development and marketing of natural resources.oil, gases and energy coal. The Company is the largest producer in the world of iron ore, metallurgical coal, copper and uranium and also has interest in the oil, gases and energy coal. The Strategy of company is based on diversification: commodity, geography and market (BHP Billiton, n.d.). BHP Billiton is a company which is dual listed (DLC). It includes BHP Billiton Limited and BHP Billiton Plc. In 2001 this company was created from the merger of 2 companies that is BHP Limited which is now known as BHP Billiton Limited and Billiton Plc which is now known as BHP Billiton Plc. The Company operates in Metal Mining Industry: Australia is one of the largest producers of the world of mineral products. It is the largest sector with almost 700 companies which are involved in exploration of minerals. In this sector worlds largest companies are operating such as BHP Billiton Rio Tinto. This industry is depending on the equity markets for the capital they required. Since 2009 Investors in Australia support 270 new resource floats. There are various reasons for listing of companies engaged in Metals Mining are listed on ASX: for accessing the capital from capital market. In this market there is a wide range of institutional investors and retail investors. for providing opportunities to SMEs. it is a developed market in major mining regions in the world (ASX, n.d.). BHP Billiton provides many opportunities for career development. They seek people who have skills and provide an opportunity to work with their company. Following are the number of employees from 2012 to 2015 in Australia is (Statista, n.d.): YEAR NO. OF EMPLOYEES 2012 19305 2013 21977 2014 23048 2015 21428 Globally 80368 employees and contractors are working with BHP Billiton (BHP Billiton, n.d.) Location of global headquarter of BHP Billiton: Headquarters of BHP Billiton Limited and global headquarter of BHP Billiton Group are situated in Melbourne, Australia. Headquarters of BHP Billiton Plc is situated in London United Kingdom (BHP Billiton, n.d.). 2. Framework related to Royalty payable to State Government: there is brief tax information of Australia regarding mining activities. When company faces problems related to an economy at the time when mineral prices rise, that time government depends on mining companies for cover the shortfall of tax revenue. Let start the discussion with the brief knowledge of Royalty; Royalty is the amount payable by the mining company to the state government or territory from which company extracts the minerals. Rates of Royalty are not same, every state territory has its different rates. Many states imposed flat rate or rate which is profit related, but most states impose ad valorem Royalty and on an FOB basis (ICLG, 2015). Following are the facts on the tax rates of Australia: The CIT rate is 30% in Australia. There are two types of mineral taxes applicable in Australia: State royalty- state royalty is paid at state level. It is paid on the basis of the volume of minerals extracted. Rates applicable on different minerals are: Copper: 2.7%-3.5% Gold: 0%-2.5% Iron Ore: 6.5%-7.5% Coal: 7.0%-10% The Amount paid for royalty is deducted in the calculation of CIT. Minerals resource rent tax (MRRT): MRRT is paid on the federal level. It is paid on the basis of mining profit. It is apply to coal and iron ore (bulk commodity) in Australia from 1 July 2012. Rates applicable on different minerals are: Copper: N/A Gold: N/A Iron Ore: 22.5% Coal: 22.5% The Amount paid for MRRT is deducted in calculation of the CIT. Social contribution is necessary in Australia for mining companies (PWC, 2012). Annual report of 2015 of BHP Billiton shows the amount paid by the company to the government. In 2015 company paid globally US$7.3 billion by way of taxes, royalties and other payments to governments. Companys global effective tax rate was 31.8% which is higher than the income tax rate of OECD. Companys total contribution to the economy in 2015 was US$35.7 billion (BHP Billiton, n.d.). As per the annual report of 2015 company paid US$5245.0 to the Australian Government by way of taxes, royalties and other government payments (BHP Billiton, n.d.). There are some negative effects also of payment of royalty on the side of company, royalty impact very badly on the profits of companies which result that Australia becomes less attractive for companies engaged in mining activities. Chief executive Brendan Pearson said that Australia levy high tax on mining industry as compared to other countries and as per the analysis of MCA 47.1% profit of mining companies are paid in taxes and royalties in Australia. It also affects the investors of mining companies also because such high tax jurisdiction also affects the funds and profit of investors (Ingram, 2015). The Introduction of Mining Tax: presently mineral taxes such as royalty are paid by the company to the State Government Territory on the basis of the minerals extracted by the company from that state or territory. When minerals cost is high in world still royalty payment had not increased. 40% of profits are paid by the company in 2001 to the state government, but presently share of the profit paid by the company is less than 20%, which increases the need for new tax. The Mining tax is also known as the Resource Super Profit Tax i.e. RSPT (Mining tax facts, n.d.). 3. Before discussing the agreements, treaties and conventions related to products and services of BHP Billiton, first discuss the meaning and importance of treaties and agreements. An agreement under international law which is entered between sovereign states and international organizations are known as the treaty. It is also known as the international agreement between international parties, protocol, covenant exchange of letters. Usually treaties are compared to contracts because as contracts in treaties also parties have obligations and if parties failed in fulfilling their obligations, then parties are liable under international law. Following are the treaties which affect the goods and services of BHP Billiton: Japan Australia Economic Partnership Agreement (JAEPA): The Partnership of Japan and Australia is most important for both the countries in respect of economic and strategic interest. Australia is a bigger supplier of Japan for minerals and energy and of food products also. In 2014-15 Australia was Japans 2nd largest trading partner and also Japan was the 2nd largest importer of Australia. Japan was also 2nd largest direct foreign investor in Australia. They strengthened their relationship by entering into an agreement known as Japan Australia Economic Partnership Agreement (JAEPA) which was forced in 2015, January (Australian Government: Department of foreign Affairs and Trade, n.d.). Provisions and conclusions of this agreement are announced on 7th April 2014 in Tokyo by Prime Minister Tony Abbott and Shinzo Abe. In Canberra prime ministers of both the countries signed the agreement on 8th July 2014. JAEPA is very liberalizing agreement conducted by Japan. Both the countries are natural partners. This agreement provides Japan an opportunity from export natural resources from Australia (Australian Government: Department of foreign Affairs and Trade, n.d.). JAEPA affects the exporting of our company. Iron ore can be supplied by the company to Japan as per this agreement. This agreement gives economic benefit to BHP Billiton because of increment in trade of goods of high quality. Australia-India Joint Free Trade Agreement (FTA): There is viding growth in the relationship of India and Australia in recent years. In last five years, trade of goods and services is increased annually by 24% in 2008-2009 to US$16 billion. For building more strong relationship both the countries work on FTA in 2008. This agreement covers trade in all goods. This agreement removes restrictions in foreign investments. It also works on increasing transparency and gives strength to the mechanism of investment protection. This agreement helps both the governments in the growth of their economy. Following are the elements of terms of agreement: Benefits arrived by both the governments through FTA. To enhance the accusation of goods, services and investments through FTA and also solve issues related to intellectual property, sanitary and phytosanitary issues. For the expansion of trade in goods through liberalization. For the expansion of services in various sectors including labor, mutual arrangements, etc.. Create a favorable environment in both the countries for investment purpose. In Australia, FTA is a comprehensive agreement but in India FTA covers only goods (Australian Government: Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, n.d.). AMEC Convention 2016: This convention was held in Crown Perth from 8-9 June. The aim of this convention was to instigate the issues faced by companies and organizations engaged in mining activities in Australia. This convention was organized by the AMEC (Association of Mining and Exploration Companies). AMEC is the body in Australia for the mining industry. AMEC is the nonprofit organization and works for the benefit of the mining industry. AMEC bring together presenters of this industry from all over the world and speakers from all the levels of government (AMEC, 2016). Australia and the Antarctic Treaty System: A set of the agreement governed the activities in Antarctica and near seas between many nations and that set of the agreement known as Antarctic Treaty system. It consists four agreements: 1959 Antarctic Treaty 1972 Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Seals 1980 Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources 1991 Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty These agreements are legally binding on three aspects that are political, geographical environmental. These obligations are applicable to all the companies which signed this agreement. Australia is also the party of this agreement. This treaty has following principles: Freedom of scientific investigation and the exchange of scientific findings Non-militarisation of Antarctica and the southern ocean (Australian Government: Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, n.d.). These treaties ahs direct effect on the mining and metal industry because these treaties cover the goods and services which are provided by the BHP Billiton. References: AMEC, (2016). AMEC Convention 2016. Retrieved on 30th August from: https://www.amec.org.au/events/amec-convention-2016. ASX. Metals Mining Sector Profile. Retrieved on 30th August from: https://www.asx.com.au/documents/products/asx-metals-and-mining-sector-profile.PDF. Australia business review, (2014). Australia's Largest Companies 2014. Retrieved on 30th August from: https://www.businessreviewaustralia.com/top10/1196/Australia's-Largest-Companies-2014. Australian Government: Department of foreign Affairs and Trade. Australian Antarctic Division: Leading Australias Antarctic Program. Retrieved on 30th August from: https://www.antarctica.gov.au/law-and-treaty. Australian Government: Department of foreign Affairs and Trade. Japan. Retrieved on 30th August from: https://dfat.gov.au/geo/japan/pages/japan-country-brief.aspx. Australian Government: Department of foreign Affairs and Trade. Japan Australia Economic Partnership Agreement. Retrieved on 30th August from: https://dfat.gov.au/trade/agreements/jaepa/Pages/japan-australia-economic-partnership-agreement.aspx. Australian Government: Department of foreign Affairs and Trade.Australia-India Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement. Retrieved on 30th August from: https://dfat.gov.au/trade/agreements/aifta/pages/australia-india-joint-free-trade-agreement-fta-feasibility-study.aspx. BHP Billiton. Economic contribution and payments to governments Report 2015. Retrieved on 30th August from: https://www.bhpbilliton.com/investors/annualreporting2015/tax-and-transparency. BHP Billiton. Economic contribution and payments to governments Report 2015. Retrieved on 30th August from: https://www.bhpbilliton.com/~/media/bhp/documents/investors/annual-reports/2015/bhpbillitoneconomiccontributionandpaymentstogovernments2015.pdf#page=7?utm_source=TTApproachutm_medium=Wutm_campaign=AR15la=en. BHP Billiton. Our Company. Retrieved on 30th August from: https://www.bhpbilliton.com/aboutus/ourcompany. BHP Billiton. Our Structure. Retrieved on 30th August from: https://www.bhpbilliton.com/aboutus/ourcompany/ourstructure. BHP Billiton. People Careers. Retrieved on 30th August from: https://www.bhpbilliton.com/people. ICLG, (2015). Mining Law 2016. Retrieved on 30th August from: https://www.iclg.co.uk/practice-areas/mining-law/mining-law-2016/australia#chaptercontent13. Ingram, T. (2015). WA no longer world's best place for miners, hammered by royalties and taxes. The Sydney Morning Herland. Retrieved on 30th August from: https://www.smh.com.au/business/mining-and-resources/wa-no-longer-worlds-best-place-for-miners-hammered-by-royalties-and-taxes-20150303-13tkrz.html. Mining-Tax. Mining Tax facts. Retrieved on 30th August from: https://www.mining-tax.com.au/. PWC, (2012). Corporate income taxes, mining royalties and other mining taxes, A summary of rates and rules in selected countries. Retrieved on 30th August from: https://www.pwc.com/gx/en/energy-utilities-mining/publications/pdf/pwc-gx-miining-taxes-and-royalties.pdf. Statista. Number of employees at BHP Billiton from 2012 to 2015, by region. Retrieved on 30th August from: https://www.statista.com/statistics/274234/number-of-employees-at-bhp-billiton-by-region/.

To clone or not to clone Persuasive Essay Example For Students

To clone or not to clone Persuasive Essay On February 24, 1997, the whole world was shocked by the news that Scottish scientists had successfully cloned a sheep. Dolly an artificially cloned mammal was born a star. After the shock, that cloning was not only a possibility but a reality, wore off the out cry against human cloning began. Physicians, scientists, politicians and church leaders and many more have been trying to ban the cloning of humans ever since. Is cloning something to be afraid of? I do not believe it is. I believe that cloning will become a tool of science that will, in time, bring many benefits to humankind. We will write a custom essay on To clone or not to clone Persuasive specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia describes a clone as an organism by an asexual (nonsexual) reproductive process(clone 1). This definition means that we already have many clones on the earth today. The Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia also states that the organisms known as prokaryotes (the bacteria and cyanobacteria), a number of other simple organisms, such as most protozoan, many other algae, and some yeasts, also reproduce primarily by cloning, as do certain higher organisms like the dandelion or aspen tree(clone 1). The Biology Textbook Concepts and Connections describes a clone as a single organism that is genetically identical to another(G-5). With this definition we can come to the conclusion that identical twins are also clones. Cloning then is not a new idea but one that has been around since the beginning of time. Embryo Splitting or Blastomere SeparationEmbryo splitting as Gregory Pence, a medical ethicist, writes is when an embryo that has already been formed by sexual reproduction is split into two identical halves(Flesh My Flesh: intro). The National Bioethics Advisory Committee calls this process blasotmere separation and explains that each cell, called a blastomere, is able to produce a new individual organism(15). See Appendix A figure one. Pence also writes that embryo splitting is a process that has been used for years to help infertile couples who could not produce enough embryos, it is neither a breakthrough nor startling(Flesh My Flesh: x). Nuclear Somatic Transfer or Nuclear Transplantation CloningIn nuclear somatic transfer a nucleus is taken from the cell of an already existing person and placed into a fertilized egg which has had its nucleus removed. The egg cell is then stimulated to divide and grow. Thereby producing a clone or twin of the person whose DNA was used. This is t he manner in which Dolly was created (Whos Afraid Cloning 11). Clones Are Not Always Completely IdenticalIn Embryo Splitting the clones would be identical twins. However, in Nuclear Somatic Transfer, where most of the controversy lies, a clone will not necessarily be an identical twin. The reasons for this lie in the host egg. Although the nucleus is removed, and therefore the majority of the DNA, it is impossible to remove all the DNA. The mitochondria (tiny organelles in the cell) contain tiny bits of DNA. Because of these mitochondria DNA a cloned person may not be completely identical to the person whose DNA was used(Whos Afraid Cloning 18). Please see diagram labeled figure four in appendix A. Therapeutic cloning could be used to clone any of the bodys tissues. This does not involve cloning an entire person but only the tissue needed. Please see diagram labeled the ultimate body repair kit in appendix A. In an on-line scientific magazine Andy Coghlan discusses therapeutic cloning and how it is done. He writes that therapeutic cloning would use the technique that created Dolly the sheep to grow cells for transplants that are matched to their recipients for instance to replace the brain cells lost in Parkinsons disease(1:3). Many thousands of people die every year while waiting for an organ transplant or as a result of tissue rejection. With therapeutic cloning there is no chance of rejection as it is your tissue that is cloned. Think of how wonderful it would be if one of your family members or even you yourself could be saved because of therapeutic cloning. .ud0445be2637cb36774164fd165558411 , .ud0445be2637cb36774164fd165558411 .postImageUrl , .ud0445be2637cb36774164fd165558411 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud0445be2637cb36774164fd165558411 , .ud0445be2637cb36774164fd165558411:hover , .ud0445be2637cb36774164fd165558411:visited , .ud0445be2637cb36774164fd165558411:active { border:0!important; } .ud0445be2637cb36774164fd165558411 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud0445be2637cb36774164fd165558411 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud0445be2637cb36774164fd165558411:active , .ud0445be2637cb36774164fd165558411:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud0445be2637cb36774164fd165558411 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud0445be2637cb36774164fd165558411 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud0445be2637cb36774164fd165558411 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud0445be2637cb36774164fd165558411 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud0445be2637cb36774164fd165558411:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud0445be2637cb36774164fd165558411 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud0445be2637cb36774164fd165558411 .ud0445be2637cb36774164fd165558411-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud0445be2637cb36774164fd165558411:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: None Provided67 EssayIn the normal reproductive process many chromosomal abnormalities can occur during meiosis in the testes of men and the ovaries of women. When this happens if the child is born it can have major birth defects. Downs Syndrome is one such defect and is a result of an extra chromosome on the 21st chromosomal pair. The risk of having a Downs Syndrome baby increases with the age of the woman wishing to have a baby. Gina Kolata points out in her book Clone thatwith cloning, such chromosomal mixups sic cannot occur,after all, you are starting with a normal cell, from a normal adult, with the proper number of chromosomes(238). Cloning would also be very beneficial to people who are carriers of such diseases as sickle-cell anemia and Tay-Sachs Disease and cystic fibrosis. As they have only one gene for these diseases and it requires two genes to have the disease they are normal healthy adults, but they would not wish to pass on these genetic defects to their children. It its report to the president of the United States the National Bioethics Advisory Commission wrote of just one such scenario where both the husband and the wife are carriers of a lethal gene. Rather than risk the one in four chance of conceiving a child who will suffer a short and painful existence, the couple considers the alternatives: to forgo rearing children; to adopt; to use prenatal diagnosis and selective abortion; to use donor gametes free of the recessive trait; or to use the cells of one of the adults and attempt to clone a child. To avoid donor gametes and selective abortion while maintaining a genetic tie to their child, they opt for cloning(85). One of the arguments, that has been heard against cloning, is that to many potential babies are lost because it takes so many embryos to make one baby. However when the septuplets were born, with fertility drugs, in November of 1997 everyone rejoiced that such a feat was possible. Everyone seems to ignore the fact that a lot of multiply-gestated babies are born disabled or dead (Flesh of my Flesh 119). What about having a baby the usual way? Professor Gregory Pence explains that at least 40% of human embryos fail to implant in normal sexual reproduction. He also noted that about 50% of the rejected embryos are chromosomally abnormal, meaning that if they were somehow brought to term, the resulting children would be mutants or suffer genetic dysfunction(Flesh of my Flesh 119). How about in vitro fertilization? Pence points out that on average in in vetro fertilization it will take 900 embryos to produce 30 babies, for an efficiency rate of 1 in 30(Flesh of my Flesh 120). The Biology P lace states that it took 277 cell fusions to produce one Dolly(Kimball 1). Please consider that Dolly is only the first of her kind and the technique will become much more efficient before it is ever tried on humans. Altogether I feel that cloning will definitely benefit humanity. It may do this by allowing people, who are not able to by other, means to have children. Cloning may be used to grow new organs for people who would otherwise die while waiting for a donor match. It may help couples, who have defective genes, to have a child that is free of birth defects and disease. I do feel however that cloning must be used with caution. Every new invention or discovery has the potential to be used improperly and immorally and it is up to us, the public, to ensure that the proper laws are put in place. We should not ban cloning just because we are afraid of it. Rather we should study it and use it as a tool to benefit not just ourselves but the whole world. .u20fe4562e52d1fcbad4ef80c26aa2216 , .u20fe4562e52d1fcbad4ef80c26aa2216 .postImageUrl , .u20fe4562e52d1fcbad4ef80c26aa2216 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u20fe4562e52d1fcbad4ef80c26aa2216 , .u20fe4562e52d1fcbad4ef80c26aa2216:hover , .u20fe4562e52d1fcbad4ef80c26aa2216:visited , .u20fe4562e52d1fcbad4ef80c26aa2216:active { border:0!important; } .u20fe4562e52d1fcbad4ef80c26aa2216 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u20fe4562e52d1fcbad4ef80c26aa2216 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u20fe4562e52d1fcbad4ef80c26aa2216:active , .u20fe4562e52d1fcbad4ef80c26aa2216:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u20fe4562e52d1fcbad4ef80c26aa2216 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u20fe4562e52d1fcbad4ef80c26aa2216 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u20fe4562e52d1fcbad4ef80c26aa2216 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u20fe4562e52d1fcbad4ef80c26aa2216 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u20fe4562e52d1fcbad4ef80c26aa2216:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u20fe4562e52d1fcbad4ef80c26aa2216 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u20fe4562e52d1fcbad4ef80c26aa2216 .u20fe4562e52d1fcbad4ef80c26aa2216-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u20fe4562e52d1fcbad4ef80c26aa2216:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Life Experiences In Farewell T EssayBibliography:Pence, Gregory E., Flesh of my Flesh: the Ethics of Cloning Humans.Lanham, Boulder, New York, Oxford: Rowman and Littlefield PublishersInc., 1998. . Whos Afraid of Human Cloning. Lanham, Boulder, New York, Oxford:Rowman and Littlefield Publishers Inc., 1998. Campbell, Neil A., Lawrence G. Mitchell and Jane B. Reece, Biology:Concepts and Connections, Third Edition. Addison Wesley Longman, Inc., 1999. . Kimballs Biology Essays: Can Humans Be Cloned. The Biology Place. Online. 1999. http://www.biology.com/Kimbell/C/CloningMammals.htmlEncarta EncyclopediaUnited States. National Bioethics Advisory Committee. Cloning Human Beings volume 1: Report and Recommendations.

Nixon and the Watergate Scandal free essay sample

Watergate Scandal Victoria Daniele Constitutional History May 19, 2013 The Watergate Scandal involved a number of illegal activities that were designed to help President Richard Nixon win re-election. The scandal involved burglary, wiretapping, campaign financing violations, and the use of government agencies to harm political opponents. A major part of the scandal was also the cover-up of all these illegal actions. The Watergate Scandal got its name from the Watergate office complex in Washington, D. C. This large office building was the home of the Democratic National Committee (DNC) headquarters, and the site of the break-in that began the largest scandal in American politics. However, even before the break-in, President Nixon had begun illegal operations. In January 1972, G. Gordon Liddy[-gt;0], general counsel to the Committee for the Re-Election of the President[-gt;1] (CRP), presented a campaign intelligence plan to CRPs Acting Chairman Jeb Stuart Magruder[-gt;2], Attorney General John Mitchell[-gt;3], and Presidential Counsel John Dean[-gt;4], that involved extensive illegal activities against the Democratic Party[-gt;5]. We will write a custom essay sample on Nixon and the Watergate Scandal or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Mitchell viewed the plan as unrealistic, but two months later was alleged to have approved a reduced version of the plan which involved burgling the Democratic National Committees (DNC) headquarters at the Watergate Complex[-gt;6] in Washington, D. C. The ostensible purpose of this was to photograph documents and install listening devices. Liddy was nominally in charge of the operation, but has since insisted that he was duped by Dean and at least two of his subordinates. These included former CIA officers E. Howard Hunt[-gt;7] and James McCord[-gt;8], then CRP-Security Coordinator; John Mitchell had by then resigned as Attorney General to become chairman of the CRP. WATERGATE RETROSPECTIVE: THE DECLINE AND FALL[-gt;9], Time Magazine, August 19, 1974 After two attempts to break into the Watergate Complex failed to yield information of value, the order for yet another break-in was given to Liddy by Jeb Magruder, either acting on his own or on orders from Dean. Shortly after midnight on June 17, 1972, Frank Wills[-gt;10], a security guard at the Watergate Complex, noticed tape overing the latches on doors in the complex (allowing the doors to close but remain unlocked). He removed the tape and thought nothing of it. Wills returned an hour later and discovered that someone had re-taped the locks, which he then called the police. Five men were discovered and arrested inside the DNCs office. WATERGATE RETROSPECTIVE: THE DECLINE AND FALL[-gt;11], Time Magazine, August 19, 1974 The five men were Virgilio Gonzalez, Bernard Barker[-gt;12], James McCord, Eugenio Martinez[-gt;13], and Frank Sturgis[-gt;14], who were charged with attempted burglary and attempted interception of telephone and other communications. On September 15, a grand jury[-gt;15] indicted them, as well as Hunt and Liddy,Watergate: chronology of a crisis 1. Washington D. C. : Congressional Quarterly Inc. p. 4. ISBN[-gt;16] 0-87187-059-2[-gt;17]. OCLC[-gt;18] 20974031[-gt;19] for conspiracy, burglary, and violation of federal wiretapping laws. The five burglars who broke into the office were tried by Judge John Sirica[-gt;20] and convicted on January 30, 1973. Throughout the next few months this minor break-in turned into a full blown political scandal. When first questioned about the situation in early 1973, Nixon denied all allegations that either he or any White House official was linked to the break-in. Later that year evidence was uncovered that linked several White House officials to the break-in, and/or the cover-up and concealment of the evidence. This information indicated that White House officials had attempted to involve the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) in the cover-up. The FBI connected cash found on the burglars to a slush fund[-gt;21] used by the Committee for the Re-Election of the President[-gt;22], the official organization of Nixons campaign. Watergate: chronology of a crisis 1. Washington D. C. : Congressional Quarterly Inc. pp. 8 133 140 180 188. ISBN[-gt;23] 0-87187-059-2[-gt;24]. OCLC[-gt;25] 20974031[-gt;26]. This book is volume one of a two-volume set. Both volumes share the same ISBN and Library of Congress call number, E859 . C62 1973The Smoking Gun Tape[-gt;27] (Transcript of the recording of a meeting between President Nixon and H. R. Haldeman). Watergate. info website. June 23, 1972. Retrieved 2013-05-03. In July 1973, as evidence mounted against the presidents staff, including testimony provided by former staff members in an investigation conducted by the Senate Watergate Committee[-gt;28], it was revealed that President Nixon had a tape-recording system in his offices and he had recorded[-gt;29] many conversations. The Watergate hearings: break-in and cover-up; proceedings. New York: Viking Press. ISBN[-gt;30] 0-670-75152-9[-gt;31]. The White House Transcripts. New York: Viking Press. ISBN[-gt;32] 0-670-76324-1[-gt;33]. OCLC[-gt;34] 1095702[-gt;35] Recordings from these tapes implicated the president, revealing he had attempted to cover up the questionable (and illegal) events that had taken place after the break-in. The Smoking Gun Tape[-gt;36] (Transcript of the recording of a meeting between President Nixon and H. R. Haldeman). Watergate. info website. June 23, 1972. Retrieved 2013-04-18. Breach of Faith: The Fall of Richard Nixon. New York: Atheneum Publishers. pp. 7. ISBN[-gt;37] 0-689-10658-0[-gt;38]. In April of 1973, special prosecutor Archibald Cox was appointed to handle the case. Presidential Council, John W. Dean III became the chief witness against President Nixon in the court hearings. In the trial Dean admitted that he was a major part of the scandal and that Nixon did in fact know of the illegal activities being committed by his administration. Dean also testified that Nixon’s Administration had planned to use the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) and other government agencies to punish people who the White House had placed on a so-called enemies-lists. Dean served four months in prison for his part in the Watergate Scandal, but through his testimony a new door was opened into the scandal. Through further investigation it was discovered by Alexander P. Butterfield that President Nixon had made tape recordings of conversations with White House officials. When asked to release the tapes Nixon refused saying that he had a Constitutional right to keep the tapes confidential. He was later ordered by the court to hand the tapes over. Nixon offered to provide summaries of all the tapes but his idea was rejected and he was again ordered to hand over the original tapes. Infuriated by the court’s decision he ordered his Attorney General and his Deputy Attorney General to fire Cox. For their refusal to dismiss Cox, both Attorney General, Elliot Richardson and Deputy Attorney General, William Ruckelshaus were fired. This series of dismissals by Nixon became known as the Saturday Night Massacre. When Cox was fired, Leon Jaworski was appointed to take his place. The firing of Cox however, did not work to Nixon’s advantage. In April of 1974, Jaworski ordered Nixon to release the tape recordings and documents of sixty-four White House conversations. By the end of April, Nixon had released 1,254 pages of transcripts from White House conversations. Jaworski however, was not satisfied; he wanted the original tapes. After a protracted series of bitter court battles, the U. S. Supreme Court[-gt;39] unanimously ruled that the president had to hand over the tapes to government investigators; and Nixon he ultimately complied. With the tapes at hand, Jaworski began the Watergate trial. In March of 1974, seven of Nixon’s former members of his administration and re-election committee were charged with conspiracy in the cover-up of the Watergate break-in. Among the seven were John D. Echrlichman, H. R. Haldeman, and John N. Mitchell. They were all found guilty of conspiracy, obstruction of justice, and perjury. They were sentenced to two and a half to eight years in prison. Their prison terms were later reduced to just one to four years. G. Gordon Liddy and E. Howard Hunt were also indicted for their involvement as plumbers and for their involvement in the break-in and cover-up of the scandal. They too were sentenced to one to four years in prison. In July 1974, the House Judiciary Committee voted to impeach President Nixon. They adopted three articles of impeachment: obstruction of justice, abusing presidential powers, and illegally withholding evidence from the judiciary committee. On August 5, 1974 Nixon released the final three transcripts of the White House conversations. These final three transcripts dated back to six days after the break-in. They revealed that Nixon had ordered the FBI to abandon its investigation of the break-in. Nixon ordered them to close the investigation for he feared that the FBI would discover the involvement of his campaign committee. After the release of the final three tapes Nixon lost nearly all his support in Congress and Nixon’s top aides advised him to resign the presidency. On August 9, 1974 President Richard M. Nixon followed their advice and resigned from the presidency to avoid being removed from office. Vice President Gerald R. Ford was sworn into office the same day. On September 8, 1974 President Ford pardoned Nixon of all federal crimes that he had committed while serving as the President of the United States. With President Nixons resignation, Congress dropped its impeachment proceedings. Criminal prosecution was still a possibility both on the Federal and State level. The Legal Aftermath Citizen Nixon and the Law[-gt;40]. TIME. August 19, 1974. Retrieved 2013-05-03. Nixon was succeeded[-gt;41] by Vice President Gerald Ford[-gt;42] as President, who on September 8, 1974, issued a full and unconditional pardon[-gt;43] of Nixon, immunizing him from prosecution for any crimes he had †¦committed or may have committed or taken part in†¦ as president. Gerald Fords Proclamation Granting a Pardon to Richard Nixon[-gt;44]. Ford. utexas. edu. Retrieved 2013-04-18. In a televised broadcast to the nation, Ford explained that he felt the pardon was in the best interest of the country. Ford also said that the Nixon familys situation †¦is an American tragedy in which we all have played a part. It could go on and on and on, or someone must write the end to it. I have concluded that only I can do that, and if I can, I must. Gerald R. Ford Pardoning Richard Nixon. Great Speeches Collection. The History Place. Retrieved 2013-05-03. Nixon proclaimed his innocence until his death in 1994. In his official response to the pardon, he said that he was wrong in not acting more decisively in dealing with Watergate, particularly when it reached the stage of judicial proceedings and grew from a political scandal into a national tragedy. Some commentators have argued that pardoning Nixon contributed to President Fords loss of the presidential election of 1976[-gt;45]. ( Shane, Scott. For Ford, Pardon Decision Was Always Clear-Cut. The New York Times. p. A1. ) Allegations of a secret deal made with Ford, promising a pardon in return for Nixons resignation, led Ford to testify before the House Judiciary Committee[-gt;46] on October 17, 1974. Silent coup: the removal of a president. New York: St. Martins Press. p. 420. ISBN[-gt;47] 0-312-05156-5[-gt;48]. OCLC[-gt;49] 22493143[-gt;50]. A time to heal: the autobiography of Gerald R. Ford. San Francisco: Harper Row. pp. 196–199. ISBN 0-06-011297-2[-gt;51]. In his autobiography A Time to Heal, Ford wrote about a meeting he had with Nixons Chief of Staff, Alexander Haig[-gt;52]. Haig was explaining what he and Nixons staff thought were Nixons only options. He could try to ride out the impeachment and fight against conviction in the Senate, or he could resign. Nixon’s options for resigning were to delay his resignation until further along in the impeachment process to try and settle for a censure vote in Congress, or to pardon himself and then resign. Haig told Ford that some of Nixons staff suggested that Nixon could agree to resign in return for an agreement that Ford would pardon him. The effect on the 1974 Senate election[-gt;53] and House election[-gt;54] three months later was significant[-gt;55]. The Democrats gained five seats in the Senate and forty-nine in the House. Watergate led to Congress passing legislation making changes in rules for campaign financing. The scandal contributed to Congress amending the Freedom of Information Act[-gt;56] in 1974, as well as to laws requiring new financial disclosures by key government officials, such as the Ethics in Government Act[-gt;57]. While not legally required, other types of personal disclosure, such as releasing recent income tax forms, became expected. Presidents since Franklin D. Roosevelt[-gt;58] had recorded many of their conversations, but after Watergate, this practice purportedly ended.

The Best Ways to Find Your Perfect Career

The Best Ways to Find Your Perfect Career Youre in college and having second thoughts about your career choice; youre in the work force but hate the job for which you have been trained; youre midway through your work life, and your work is no longer fulfilling. What do you do? Fortunately, this is really O.K. Job forecasters tell us that the average stay in one position for Millennials is 1 years, and that changing jobs frequently is no longer a black mark. Further, they state that many of those, ages 18-34 will not just change jobs but will change careers 3-4 times in their lives. The question then becomes, what career should I pursue? Here are 9 things that you can do to find out what you should do next. 1. What things do you do or read about that really excite you? More than one person has turned what began as a hobby into a career, including Bill Gates. Ask yourself another question: Is there some kind of job that you like so much you would do it for free? Make a list of these things. You will be using it later as you go through the rest of the items on this list. 2. What are you good at? Make a list of these things too. Include both hard skills (math, writing, science, etc.) and soft skills (getting along with diverse people, being a good team member, leadership, etc.). If you are seeing any crossovers between list #1 and list #2, then you may be on to something. But dont stop yet. 3. Take a career inventory test. Theres are plenty out there, and most are really quite good. You will answer a long lists of questions, and you will get a report on your basic personality and preferences (outgoing, introverted, hands-on or not, etc.). Then you will be given a long list of potential careers that will be fit for your personality and your preferences. If you took one in high school and havent taken one since, now is a good time to do this. You can even find a bunch of them on About.com its a job search site. 4. If you are still in college or a very recent graduate, apply for an internship based upon your lists or your career inventory tests. Even mid-career people, who have either lost or left their jobs are getting into the act on this one, if they can afford to do it. And for these older career pros, an internship is a great thing to do before sinking money into going back to school. If there are no internships available, ask if you can just volunteer a day a week or so. Just being in the environment might let you know if a specific career will excite you. 5. Take a Look at Unusual Careers: You wont find these listed in normal career handbooks and materials. All you will find there are the typical accountant, teacher, nurse, business administrator, science researcher, musician, and so on. If you feel that the normal careers would bore you, then break out. There are some sources for this the Bureau of Labor Statistics has an occupational handbook that is huge youll find unusual careers in it. You can also Google the term, unusual careers and find hundreds of sites that list them. 6. Talk to people in careers you might be considering. There is only so much information you can get from reading about a career. One college student who was really anxious about a career choice got a bit creative. He had his options narrowed down to 4, but still wasnt sure. So, he found 4 companies that had positions in his options, called up and asked for the person in that position. He then explained that he was doing a research project and would like to interview the individual. He got the interviews every single one and he got first-hand information. 7. Use the G + P + V = Career formula. Youi may not have heard of this formula, but an amazing number of career coaches are now using it. G stands for gift, or what you are just naturally really good at; P stands for passion, or what really excites you; and V stands for Values, or your criteria for a career or workplace that does not compromise those values. Suppose, for example, you are like a growing number of Millennials who now believe that the workplace should be very different that you should have flexibility of hours, be able to work remotely when appropriate, and should be judged by productivity not by number of hours on the job. If you dont want to compromise those values, then that will impact your career choices. So, look at those two lists again, for what you are good at, what really excites you, and what careers will not compromise those basic principles you have. 8. View Your Career as Only the first Step. What career might you choose now that, as you continue to grow professionally, would allow you to move into other careers that might become more interesting and exciting in the future? You need to know that you do not have to be stuck in something you hate or in which there is not the kind of future you want. 9. Make a Plan: Once you have made your selection, make an action plan. What steps do you need to take to get there? Do you need to change your major? So you need to do some self-education on becoming an entrepreneur? If you are an accountant and your dream is to own your own restaurant and feature your grandmothers recipes, how will you make this transition? There is a freedom in knowing that the career you choose today does not have to be the career you may want in 10 years. Such changes are totally acceptable and may, in fact, become necessary.

STRATEGIC MARKETING MANAGEMENT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

STRATEGIC MARKETING MANAGEMENT - Essay Example ........................................................................................... 3.0 Marketing plan......................................................................................................... 3.1 Marketing objectives.................................................................................... 3.2 Situational analysis....................................................................................... 4.0 The marketing strategy............................................................................................. 4.1 Psychographic research necessity................................................................. 4.2 Personalised service production – direct marketing...................................... 4.3 Enhanced promotional development............................................................. 4.4 Strategic alliances and partnerships............................................................... 4.5 Control systems.................. ............................................................................ 5.0 Recommendations..................................................................................................... 6.0 Conclusion.................................................................................................................. ... So much of what drive marketing strategy is driven by consumer attitudes and values associated with their own lifestyles and the museum brand, requiring the National Air and Space Museum to invest more in consumer research to gain valuable market information to develop integrated communications strategies that are relevant and attention-grabbing to consumers. This plan recommends a redesign and construction of a new and more modernised servicescape, the development of strategic alliances and sponsorships, procurement of new interactive technologies, a well-developed promotional campaign, and a new staffing model to improve customer interactivity and create an authentic customer experience. This plan will build a better brand reputation for the museum and change perceptions in disparate consumer markets about the nature of the 21st Century Smithsonian museum. The Smithsonian – National Air and Space Museum 1.0 Introduction Museum marketing is a dynamic and complicated task as m ost museums cater to mass market consumers with very disparate socio-economic backgrounds, educational level, resource availability, and lifestyles. Hence, it becomes difficult to create targeted advertising and other relevant promotional materials that will create interest and excitement for consumer segments. In the United States, the National Air and Space Museum, a part of the Smithsonian Institute, offers a variety of historical exhibits related to air and space travel which are relevant and stimulating for a variety wide variety of consumers. The National Air and Space Museum collects, displays and interprets objects related to the history of air and

Social communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Social communication - Essay Example fight it/Joseph Stalin, Malenkov, Nasser and Prokofiev/Rockefeller, Campanella, Communist Bloc/Roy Cohn, Juan Peron, Toscanini, Dacron/Dien Bien Phu falls, â€Å"Rock Around the Clock†/Einstein, James Dean, Brooklyn’s got a winning team/Davy Crockett, Peter Pan, Elvis Presley, Disneyland/Bardot, Budapest, Alabama, Krushchev/Princess Grace, â€Å"Peyton Place,† trouble in the Suez CHORUS Little Rock, Pasternak, Mickey Mantle, Kerouac/Sputnik, Chou En-Lai, â€Å"Bridge on the River Kwai†/Lebanon, Charles de Gaulle, California baseball/Starkweather, homicide, children of thalidomide/Buddy Holly, â€Å"Ben Hur,† Space Monkey, Mafia/Hula hoops, Castro, Edsel is a no-go/U-2, Syngman Rhee, Payola and Kennedy/Chubby Checker, â€Å"Psycho,† Belgians in the Congo CHORUS Hemingway, Eichmann, Stranger in a Strange Land/Dylan, Berlin, Bay of Pigs invasion/Lawrence of Arabia, British Beatlemania/Ole Miss, John Glenn, Liston beats Patterson/Pope Paul, Malco lm X, British politician sex/JFK, blown away, what else do I have to say CHORUS Birth control, Ho Chi Minh, Richard Nixon back again/Moonshot, Woodstock, Watergate, punk rock/Begin, Reagan, Palestine, terror on the airline/Ayatollah’s in Iran, Russians in Afghanistan/†Wheel of Fortune,† Sally Ride, heavy metal, suicide/Foreign debts, homeless vets, AIDS, crack, Bernie Goetz/Hypodermics on the shores, China’s under martial law/Rock and roller cola wars, I can’t take it anymore CHORUS We didn’t start the fire/But when we are gone/Will it still burn on, and on, and on, and on... White Riot: White riot - I want a riot/White riot - a riot of my own/White riot - I want a riot/White riot - a riot of my own/Black people got a lot a problems/But they dont mind throwing a brick/White people go to school/Where they teach you how to be thick/And everybodys doing/Just what theyre told to/And nobody wants/To go to jail! CHORUS All the powers in the hands/Of people rich enough to buy it/While we walk the street/Too chicken to even

Opportunities and Limitations of the Trade Market Essay

Opportunities and Limitations of the Trade Market - Essay Example It is an integrated process through of creating value for customers and build strong customer relationships to capture value from customers in return (IMA, 2010). International marketing refers to marketing outside the immediate country of origin or registration of a given organization. It so happens that there is currently a lot of competition for tourists from almost all countries in the world. To help improve their chances of capturing tourists, countries are only too willing to give their profiles to help them achieve this end (Pricken, 2008, p 24) This paper sets out to discuss the application and analysis of the profile of France with specific regard to the tourism industry. It looks at France as a potential market for tourists bound for the UK and proposes appropriate strategies to boost this particular market segment for the benefit of UK tourism. France is one of richer Western European nations. It is made up of a population of 64.1 million persons according to the 2008 national census. The main language spoken in the country is French which is an international language spoken by over 1 billion people globally who are mainly found in Francophone countries which are former colonies of France. Other important languages are English, Spanish, and German. It is important to note that all these languages share a history of conflicts with French for supremacy in Europe. So some of them, especially English, may not have been very welcome in certain sections of France in the past. However, with the emergence of America as a superpower, speaking English has become fashionable and prestigious among the younger generations in France (visitbritain.com, 2010). French is a highly developed language classified as romantic and low context. It is highly expressive with nasalized and lilting sounds.

The Rise And Fall Of Kingfisher Airlines

The Rise And Fall Of Kingfisher Airlines Kingfisher is a major airline based in Mumbai, India. It is the fifth Indias airlines that provide largest passenger airline in which international and domestic flights are provided to the customers with very flexible fares. Kingfisher is one of the largest airlines in India and it was established in 2003. It is owned by the Bengaluru based United Breweries Group. Basically the commercial operations are started in 9 may 2005 with the fleet of four new Airbus A320-200s Operating flight from Mumbai to Delhi. Then the next international operations are started on 3 September 2008 by connecting from Bengaluru to London. The Kingfisher airline has been facing financial issues for many years. Kingfisher airlines have the second largest share in the air travel market till December 2011. However due to the astringent financial crisis faced by the Kingfishers airline, it has now the fifth largest market share currently and only above Go Air Airlines. Kingfisher Airlines is one of the only seven airlines that are awarded 5-star rating by Skytrax along with Cathay Pacific, Qatar Airways, Asiana Airlines, Malaysia Airlines, Singapore Airlines, and Hainan Airlines. Kingfisher operates 250 daily flights including domestic and international services. Kingfisher Airlines carry more than 1 million passengers which help the Kingfishers Airlines to make the highest market share among all other airlines in India in May 2009. Kingfisher also holds the Skytrax award for one of the Indias best airline of the year 2011. Background: Main issue of the downfall of the Kingfisher Airline. All things are going in a very good manner and kingfisher is at its peak but in 2005 the airline faced many problems in the operations, the Airlines then reported as in loss. But the situation become worst when the new airlines called Air Deccan is adopted by the Kingfisher airline in 2007. Due the collaboration with the new airline the Kingfisher suffered a loss of over Rs. 1,000 Crore continuously for 3 years. In the Starting of 2012, the staff of Kingfisher airline is going on strikes and it also faced a very big loss of over Rs. 7,000 Crore with half of the money is bankrupted. In this tough situation the faces mainly faced financial problem and to overcome the situation the airline went for loans, so that they can cover it. But the heavy interest and debt, in November 2010, the company adopted a way to decrease the burden the airline adopted debt restructuring on those total 18 leading lenders, those have landed total Rs. 8,000 crores, they agree to cut the interest the rates and convert part of loan into equity. As per the contract the lenders have to convert the debt into shares which is converted into equity. Due to this company able to cut down the average interest to 11% and save Rs. 500 Crore every year in the interest cost. The use of the strategy Debt restructuring also didnt help the airline a lot; no doubt by using this it reduced the interest charges by Rs. 500 crores every year, but due to the high increase in cost and many other factors the company started faced problems of liquidity. Due to no funds available the company also faced these types of problems like delayed salary there are over 6,000 workers which are working in the company and after the financial crisis company have delayed salaries of the staff that will affect the workers a lot because they are working like the same and we can say they are working more than normal but these type of problems decrease the workers morale and dissatisfaction factor also arises. Due to the non-availability of the funds they are also many things that will effect like due fuel, Service tax, Air craft lease rental due and many more. Current Situation: Problem still continues Kingfisher airlines started to cast down into fresh crisis. Many flights are cancelled and many aircrafts are grounded. The company shut down many important international operations and closed the booking of the tickets. Kingfishers have many aircraft and only few were operating and presently very less airplanes are operating and this dropped highly in market share. Main leading State bank of India also not giving more loans to the company unless they pay the previous amount. Now a day it is very hard situation for kingfisher airlines in recent months. The service of airline provided by Vijay Mallya is not glamorous as it was previous times because many flights are cancelled when customers are waiting to departure and this will underestimate a lot to customer. The management is main issue here in the Kingfisher airlines they need some expert CEOs that help to check the activities every day but Vijay Mallya is the only one that control the whole company this may be the biggest cause of downfall of the kingfisher airlines. In big organizations lots of discussion and suggestions are needed that help to make any decision easily. This causes which disturbs the relation between the employees and Vijay Mallya because there must be some time given to each and every employee so that they feel motivated and feel their suggestions or any need of help are given by the company, this help them to stay satisfied and they work with their full effort. Vijay Mallya always kept saying that the reason behind downfall of company is that the rising fuel pricing and other factors contributed the downfall of the company. But there are other factors also. Some other reasons that also contribute to the downfall of the kingfisher airline: Sociological: Now a days traveling by plane is not a big issue because there are lot of airlines from which we can select any one according to our financial status. Every flight has its own way of treating passengers because in todays world going one place to another is not a big deal all matters how was our journey what are the experience and how comfortable are you in the whole journey. As being a 5 star airline they provide good service to the passengers but the prices are also very high only the high profile or above the economic level people adopt Kingfisher airline. Due to the luxurious level of treatment they are willing to pay more than other airlines charge. But they have to be economical so every economic person can also have the experience this type of luxurious treatment this also help them to gather more and more customers. Technological: In todays world technology plays a great role in any type of the company. Kingfisher airlines dont provide a TV screen on the back of the seat, so that every passenger has its own personal TV. Now people use technology they want to do the whole work with the help of internet and do all the work while sitting in their home. This also attracts customers to do all the booking while relaxing in their home and they dont need to stand in the long queues on the ticket counters. Economical: Now a days economic issues is a major concern because people are now check not only the luxurious treatment they also check whether it is worth going or not. There a lot of bank credit options that are available in the case of travelling this are also the reason that affects the sales of the aviation industries. In India there are lot of factors that affect the organisation like the inflation, interest rates and recession. There are government policies that effect the organisation a lot. There are lot things which have to consider while planning the economic factors because that depend a lot on the success of the organisation. Ecological: Nature also effect the aviation industry a lot because the climate affects a lot on the aviation industry weather should be stable in the time of the flights because if the climate is not good they are delayed and this disturb the customers a lot. Passengers who pay so many amounts to get good service and comfortable journey in between if something happen this disturbs a lot. If something happen like delay in the flights airline have to provide facility and accommodation for the customers this costs a lot to the airlines but they have to do for the passengers to calm them down and this help them to understand the problem and they dont take any chances to lose the customers because if the customer have any bad experience they might not go next time with the same flight because they are many others options available to them. In India weather is stable for most of the time and passengers are not use to these type of situation so aviation industry must be prepared if any thing happens. Political: In India in every 5 years government changes and also it is a democratic country. Kingfishers have great benefit of this because the owner of kingfisher Vijay Mallya have good political network which helps to their airline. No doubt, the political network is great but this not always help because all have to follow the government policies and rules. Legal: Rising Fuel pricing is also the main issue in India. The aviation industries have to pay large amount of money for fuel. To overcome this problem aviation industry increase of decrease the level of services to the passengers which help them to cover it up. Ethical: Indians are very ethical people they always think before buying anything they always check which thing is good for them and also gives some benefits to them. Like in India there a lot stationary products which are collaborated with some non-profit institute or any other institute which gives some amount when someone buy it, majority of people willing to buy that product because they help the needy people. In past Kingfisher gives value for the money that is why people are willing to give more money after all kingfisher airline is the 5 star rated airlines. Analysis: No doubt kingfisher airlines are one of the successful airlines in India. But there are lot pros and cons there which lead them to downfall of the successful airline. Pros: Kingfisher is one of the luxurious flights in India. Kingfisher is a well-known brand and the financial status of the organization is very good. The connections between the political and the owner of the Kingfisher airlines are very strong. Kingfisher has a strong relationship with parent United Breweries Group which supports them a lot. The customer service is very healthy. Kingfisher provide very luxurious journey to the passengers. The staff is highly trained and very professional with customers. Cons: The management practices are very poor and the organization structure is not formed properly. Kingfisher airline is not producing the expected returns from they are spending. Sales are getting lower and lower due to cancellation and delayed flights which customers dont like it. Due to the 5 star brand of the company it is spending more than normally which is very hard to recover the money. Things need some changes: There are lots of things which are needed to be change which help the kingfisher airlines to recover. Aviation industry is now days are very popular and competition is getting tough and tough. To successfully run the aviation industry there are many things which have to keep in the mind while successfully run the business. In Kingfisher only the owner Vijay Mallya is having the direct control on the business and due this there is problems occur. In kingfisher there is huge network and there are many employee works there and to satisfy the needs of the employee only one person cannot keep it. There must be some professionally and fully trained CEO must be hired to control whatever is the situation. Vijay Mallya also taken wrong step while cutting the salary of the employees and even the salaries are delayed for many months and according to the Herzbergs Motivator-Hygiene Model the customers are Dissatisfied because they are not getting the salary on time. In the recession period of Kingfisher airlines they also misbehaved with some customers due to the frustration and this will lose their customers. In this period the Kingfisher airlines introduced a new airline called Kingfisher red to cover some expenses because it is comparatively low cost. Once there is an incident occurs passengers booked the ticket for Kingfisher Airlines and when they come to the flight the realize that this is not Kingfisher fisher this is Kingfisher red and when the passenger asked for that then they asked that there is technical issue in the website it was not distinguishing the two airlines differently but this is not a valid reason because as I said earlier that the technology plays a great role in todays world people are now days very techno used and they know which flight they are booking. The main question is that why the kingfisher is running a cheap airline after all Kingfisher is one of the top brand 5 star airline this reduces the reputation of the airline and also misbehaving with customers also give wrong impact on them so to handle this Kingfisher airlines must be have some arrangement to handle this type of stuff. To do so experience staff is required and if any conflicts occur then handle them with care so that no passenger get upse t and feel biased everyone should be treated same. Competition also have a major issue because while competing with other Aviation airlines they have to consider so many expects that will affect the Kingfisher airlines because other airlines provide more facility and there low cost of the fare attracts the customers, But Kingfisher Airlines have to do some strategies so that they can keep their customers. Competition is not only with Aviation industry in India majority of people will go for the low cost carriers in India. Railways are also competitors because now Indian Railways are safe mode to travel and they cost very less as compared to airline. So to plan according to the budget of the airlines and equally economical to the people, trained CEOs are required to do the job done well. Owner of Kingfisher airlines Vijay Mallya also done one more thing that they only targeted the passengers that are willing to pay more than normal. They only need luxurious treatment, this is a good but in the time period of 2005 to 2008 is very easily earned money period for Kingfisher and Vijay Mallya also make so much profit then he invested money on others places like Cricket, Alcohol and many more. Due to the easy money Mallya expanded a lot their empire that is very difficult to handle and this is one of the reason which makes the Kingfisher into trouble. Kingfisher Airlines have to take following step to make things good: With lot of increase in loss of Kingfisher airlines and overdue of tax, fuel suppliers and airports and only few of the flights are working. If they want to again successfully run the business then promoters need to invest some money first then the Kingfisher airlines firstly clear the due of fuel and overdue of the tax with this money and then they should step up the ladder of success. The morale of the employees should be considered first because they are the very important to the Kingfisher airline especially the staff and pilots they should never be dissatisfied. So Kingfisher airlines should must clear all the due of the salary of the employees because due to unpaid they have to suffer and their families also suffer with them. They cant afford to lose quality pilots and if this will continue it may be happen that the plant should shut down in future. Aircrafts used in the Kingfishers used now is very less and due to the mismanagement of the staff and between the owner leads them to failure because as I discussed earlier Mallya always have the direct control of the business and may be some factors that are left which are not considered by Mallya that affects a lot to the Organization. The perception of the Owner may be somehow wrong that is why the organization structure should be clear and should be made by various talented minds that help to success of the airlines. Conclusion Kingfisher is one of the leading and successful airlines in India. The reason behind the downfall of the airline is mentioned above and there are many other factors which also the reason behind the downfall of the Kingfisher airline. The organizational structure is mainly the major concern in the Kingfisher airlines. In starting the kingfisher is at its peak at that time period is the best time to expand the business but due to the huge benefits the staff and pilots and the expenses is also become more and more and to successfully manage it many talented person are required, no doubt they have experienced staff and luxurious treatment they give to the passengers but to organize the whole staff and the airline only Vijay Mallya is having the direct control on it and this occurs misunderstanding. When the business is having great profit then we must have to more alert because when this happen the other competitors always try to get trouble so we cant make profits. Like the other competitors of kingfisher is giving more facility and the cost of other airlines are also less than it is difficult to manage for Kingfisher airlines because they are the very luxurious and the cost of the flights are also high because due to the brand name they have to treat the passengers like they are treated previously and this is very difficult to handle but this can be handled by professionals so that the passengers not feel and change but this strategy gives benefits to the airline and various strategies are required to do it. Some of them are mentioned above but the organization behavior plays a great role to manage the people in the organization. This helps the staff and employee and higher status persons and owner to successfully run the business and maintain a healthy relation between them.

Instructor’s Resources Essay

1.Philosophy Behind the Strategic Management Course Strategic Management is the capstone course for business administration majors. Students learn new strategy formulation, implementation, and evaluation concepts and techniques. Students use this new knowledge, coupled with knowledge acquired from other courses, to chart the future direction of different organizations. Strategic Management students analyze firms in different industries, make objective strategic decisions for companies, and justify those decisions through oral or written communication. Students recommend strategies for the organizations studied and specify how those strategies could best be implemented. Strategic Management is a challenging and exciting course for students. Strategic Management is an interesting course to teach because the problems and issues of strategic management cover the whole spectrum of business, including finance, marketing, management, management information systems, production operations, economics, and statistics. Strategic management is an emerging and rapidly developing discipline. Weighing the pros and cons of alternative strategies entails a total enterprise perspective and a talent for judging how all relevant factors fit together. This is quite a contrast to other required and elective courses, which are generally concerned with a narrower, more specialized body of knowledge. Although the features of Strategic Management pose an instructional challenge, there is plenty of opportunity to make the study of strategic management the best course in the business curriculum. There are different ways to teach a good course in Strategic Management. Some instructors supplement the text with a management simulation game; some instructors assign outside readings; some use experiential exercises in class; and some instructors invite guest speakers to class. Most Strategic Management professors use cases. The amount of class time devoted to lecture and case analysis varies considerably among instructors. If you are experienced in teaching Strategic Management, you may have resolved many pedagogical issues to your own satisfaction. However, if this is the first time you are teaching Strategic Management, then the information provided in the next few pages could help you structure your own course. 2.Importance of Strategic Management Cases Strategic Management cases represent the most commonly used method for applying strategic-management concepts and techniques in different types and sizes of organizations. A Strategic Management case typically describes the external conditions and internal situation facing a firm and presents sufficient information to develop, analyze, and choose among alternative  strategies. Strategic Management can be a very exciting course with the use of just text and cases alone. The 29 Strategic Management cases in the Thirteenth edition of Strategic Management represent the most up-to-date compilation of cases ever assembled in a policy text. The cases cover a broad spectrum of business and industry situations. All of the cases in this text are undisguised. The cases are about real organizations and real people. Most of the cases concern well-known firms. Using the cases in this text, students do not have to put themselves back in time to understand the economic and political conditions surrounding the strategic decisions to be made. Students can go to their college library and easily find additional information to supplement all of the cases in this text. Students find current cases more interesting, more exciting, and more realistic than older cases. This fact adds a great deal of life and realism to Strategic Management when the Strategic Management text is used. All of the cases in this text have been class tested to ensure that they are interesting, challenging, and effective for illustrating strategic-management concepts. I believe you will find the collection of cases to complement any approach you use in teaching Strategic Management at the undergraduate or graduate level. You will also find the teachers’ notes in the Case Solutions Manual to be exceptionally well done. The 29 cases in this text are listed along with the respective case authors and their school affiliation. The industries represented by the cases are also given. The cases are listed below in the order in which they appear in the text. The case manual contains information about the topics that the individual cases cover. Cases Included in the Thirteenth Edition of the Textbook 1. Walt Disney Company — 2009, Mernoush Banton 2. Merryland Amusement Park — 2009, Gregory Stone 3. JetBlue Airways Corporation — 2009, Mernoush Banton 4. AirTran Airways, Inc. — 2009, Charles M. Byles 5. Family Dollar Stores, Inc. — 2009, Joseph W. Leonard 6. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. — 2009, Amit J. Shah and Michael L. Monahanat 7. Whole Foods Market, Inc. — 2009, James L. Harbin and Patricia Humphrey 8. Macy’s, Inc. — 2009, Rochelle R. Brunson and Marlene M. Reed 9. Yahoo! Inc. — 2009, Hamid Kazeroony 10. eBay Inc. — 2009, Lori Radulovich 11. Wells Fargo Corporation — 2009, Donald L. Crooks, Robert S. Goodman, and John Burbridge 12. Krispy Kreme Doughnuts (KKD) — 2009, John Burbridge and Coleman Rich 13. Starbucks Corporation — 2009, Sharynn Tomlin 14. The United States Postal Service (USPS) — 2009, Fred and Forest David 15. National Railroad Passenger Corporation (AMTRAK) — 2009, Kristopher J. Blanchard 16. Goodwill of San Francisco, San Mateo and Marin Counties — 2009, Mary E. Vradelis 17. Harley-Davidson, Inc. — 2009, Carol Pope and Joanne Mack 18. Ford Motor Company — 2009, Alen Badal 19. Kraft Foods Inc. — 2009, Kristopher J. Blanchard 20. Hershey Company — 2009, Anne Walsh and Ellen Mansfield 21. Johnson & Johnson — 2009, Sharynn Tomlin, Matt Milhauser, Bernhard Gierke, Thibault Lefebvre, and Mario Martinez 22. Avon Products Inc. — 2009, Rochelle R. Brunson and Marlene M. Reed 23. Molson Coors — 2009, Amit J. Shah 24. PepsiCo — 2009, John and Sherry Ross 25. Pfizer, Inc. — 2009, Vijaya Narapareddy 26. Merck & Company Inc. — 2010, Mernoush Banton 27. Nike, Inc. — 2010, Randy Harris 28. Callaway Golf Company — 2009, Amit J. Shah 29. Chevron Corporation — 2009, Linda Herkenhoff A question that arises concerning cases is the appropriate number of cases to cover in an academic term. That can vary depending on factors such as whether a Strategic Management simulation game is used, how many written  comprehensive case analyses are assigned, whether the class is divided into teams of students, and whether outside readings, class speakers, or videotapes are used. I personally find 10 cases to be an appropriate amount to cover, as indicated in the course syllabus presented in a few pages. 3.The McDonald’s Cohesion Case This edition features a new Cohesion Case on McDonald’s Corporation. The Cohesion Case allows students to apply strategic-management concepts and techniques to a real organization as chapter material is covered in class. This integrative or cohesive approach readies students for case analysis. The Cohesion Case provides a continuous illustration of the interdependence of parts of the strategic-management process. Assurance of Learning Exercises at the end of each chapter apply concepts to the Cohesion Case. 4.Assurance of Learning Exercises This is about the only Strategic Management text that offers strategic-management Assurance of Learning Exercises both on-line and at the end of chapters. The end-of-chapter Assurance of Learning Exercises are designed to get students involved, to increase students’ interest in the course, and to aid students in learning how to apply important concepts and techniques. The Assurance of Learning Exercises allow students to test newly learned theories, concepts, and analytical techniques. The exercises also help students make the transition from school to work more easily. The Assurance of Learning Exercises can be used for homework assignments, individual class work, group assignments, or extra-credit work. They offer a great change of pace in class. On average, there are five exercises at the end of each chapter. A couple of the exercises apply chapter material to the McDonald’s Cohesion Case. At least one exercise applies chapter material to the student’s own college or university and at least one exercise instructs the student to contact or visit a local business to explore important strategic-management topics. You will not be able to do all of the Assurance of Learning Exercises, due to time limitations in class, but take the time to do as many as possible. I personally devote about 15 minutes of each class to Assurance of Learning Exercises and assign students one exercise homework assignment for each class. Ask students to put answers to the Assurance of Learning Exercises either in their notes or on a separate sheet of paper rather than writing in the text itself. This would present a problem in usage of the text in later semesters if answers to the exercises were written in the text. The Assurance of Learning Exercises Included in the Thirteenth Edition Chapter 1: Exercise 1A: Gathering Strategy Information Exercise 1B: Strategic Planning for My University Exercise 1C: Strategic Planning at a Local Company Exercise 1D: Getting Familiar with SMCO Chapter 2: Exercise 2A: Evaluating Mission Statements Exercise 2B: Writing a Vision and Mission Statement for McDonald’s Corporation Exercise 2C: Writing a Vision and Mission Statement for My University Exercise 2D: Conducting Mission Statement Research Chapter 3: Exercise 3A: Developing an EFE Matrix for McDonald’s Corporation Exercise 3B: The External Assessment Exercise 3C: Developing an EFE Matrix for My University Exercise 3D: Developing a Competitive Profile Matrix for McDonald’s Corporation Exercise 3E: Developing a Competitive Profile Matrix for My University Chapter 4: Exercise 4A: Performing a Financial Ratio Analysis for McDonald’s Corporation Exercise 4B: Constructing an IFE Matrix for McDonald’s Corporation Exercise 4C: Constructing an IFE Matrix for My University Chapter 5: Exercise 5A: What Strategies Should McDonald’s Pursue in 2011-2013? Exercise 5B: Examining Strategy Articles Exercise 5C: Classifying Some Year 2009 Strategies Exercise 5D: How Risky Are Various Alternative Strategies? Exercise 5E: Developing Alternative Strategies for My University Exercise 5F: Lessons in Doing Business Globally Chapter 6: Exercise 6A: Developing a SWOT Matrix for McDonald’s Exercise 6B: Developing a SPACE Matrix for McDonald’s Exercise 6C: Developing a BCG Matrix for McDonald’s Exercise 6D: Developing a QSPM for McDonald’s Exercise 6E: Formulating Individual Strategies Exercise 6F: The Mach Test Exercise 6G: Developing a BCG Matrix for My University Exercise 6H: The Role of Boards of Directors Exercise 6I: Locating Companies in a Grand Strategy Matrix Chapter 7: Exercise 7A: Revising McDonald’s Organizational Chart Exercise 7B: Do Organizations Really Establish Objectives? Exercise 7C: Understanding My University’s Culture Chapter 8: Exercise 8A: Developing a Product-Positioning Map for McDonald’s Exercise 8B: Performing an EPS/EBIT Analysis for McDonald’s Exercise 8C: Preparing Projected Financial Statements for McDonald’s Exercise 8D: Determining the Cash Value of McDonald’s Exercise 8E: Developing a Product-Positioning Map for My University Exercise 8F: Do Banks Require Projected Financial Statements? Chapter 9: Exercise 9A: Preparing a Strategy-Evaluation Report for McDonald’s Corp. Exercise 9B: Evaluating My University’s Strategies Chapter 10: Exercise 10A: Does McDonald’s Have a Code of Business Ethics? Exercise 10B: The Ethics of Spying on Competitors Exercise 10C: Who Prepares a Sustainability Report? Chapter 11: Exercise 11A: McDonald’s Wants to Enter Africa. Help Them. Exercise 11B: Does My University Recruit in Foreign Countries? Exercise 11C: Assessing Differences in Culture Across Countries Exercise 11D: How Well Traveled Are Business Students at Your University? 5. Description of the Supplements for the Thirteenth Edition Supplements are available for adopting instructors to download at www.pearsonhighered.com/irc. Registration is simple and gives the instructor immediate access to new titles and new editions. Pearson’s dedicated technical support team is ready to help instructors with the media supplements that accompany this text. The instructor should visit http://247.pearsoned.com/ for answers to frequently asked questions and for toll-free user support phone numbers. Supplements include: Instructor’s Manual—This manual includes lecture objectives, outlines, and answers to all end-of-chapter material and Assurance of Learning exercises. In addition, several supplemental Assurance of Learning exercises and answers are included. Case Instructor’s Manual—this solutions manual includes abstracts, discussion questions, and audits for each case. PowerPoint Presentations – The PowerPoint slides highlight text learning objectives and key topics and serve as an excellent aid for classroom presentations and lectures. Test Item File – This test bank features for each chapter on average 50 True/False questions, 50 Multiple-Choice questions, and 10 Essay questions with page references and difficulty level provided for each question. The Test Item File has been written specifically for this edition and is provided in MS Word, so that instructors can easily incorporate select questions into their own tests. TestGen (test-generating program) – The test bank is also available on TestGen, a test-generating program that allows instructors to add, edit, or  delete questions from the test bank; analyze test results; and organize a database of exams and student results. Videos on DVD—The DVD contains video segments that illustrate the most pertinent topics in management today and highlight relevant issues in the news, demonstrating how people lead, manage, and work effectively; ISBN 0-13-612547-6. Video Guide – The video guide provides a brief summary of each clip and suggested questions for discussion followed by possible answers. MyManagementLab – MyManagementLab provides help beyond homework with a range of assessment options and tutorial resources that help students learn from their mistakes. Allowing you to teach a course your way, use this as an out-of-the-box resource for students who need extra help, or take full advantage of its advanced customization options. For more information, go to www.mymanagementlab.com.

Supply Chain Management of Square Pharmaceutical

Supply chain management (SCM) is the oversight of materials, information, and finances as they move in a process from supplier to manufacturer to wholesaler to retailer to consumer. Supply chain management involves coordinating and integrating these flows both within and among companies. It is said that the ultimate goal of any effective supply chain management system is to reduce inventory and Communication is the transmission of information from one group or individual to nother.Business communication is very essential now days to make contacts with people and for trading. Whenever a business wants to make a good business proposal or introduce a new concept, communication plays a very big role. Communication also helps in the conveying of message among the different employees or customers of the organization. Communication helps to direct employees to attain their goals without any misunderstanding or confusion. This paper discusses the different roles of supply chain management, d ifferent role & ways of supply chain management .The studye also tried to find out what is the roblem and shortage of SQUARE's supply chain management system to improve themselves. Keywords: Supply chain, Operations process, Distribution policy, communication process, Forecasting, Planning *Economic Editor, Daily Ittefaq and Adjunct Faculty, Atish Dipankar university of Science and Technology Introduction goal of any effective supply chain management system is to reduce inventory (with the assumption that products are available when needed).As a solution for successful supply chain management, sophisticated software systems with Web interfaces are competing with Web-based application service providers (ASP) who romise to provide part or all of the SCM service for companies who rent their service. flow The information flow The finances flow SQUARE today is a name considering Pharmaceutical world, as well as synonym of quality- be it toiletries, health products, textiles, Agro Vet pro ducts, information technology and few more.But in the year 1958 ,the company was originally started with Pharmaceuticals. Now that small company of 1958 is a publicly listed diversified group of companies employing more than 12,000 people. The current yearly group turnover is more than 300 million USD. All these were possible due to Samson H Chowdhurys innovative ideas, tireless efforts, perseverance and dedication with self confidence which contributed to his successful achievements.The product flow includes the movement of goods from a supplier to a customer, as well as any customer returns or service needs. The information flow involves transmitting orders and updating the status of delivery. The financial flow consists of credit terms, payment schedules, and consignment and title ownership arrangements. There are two main types of SCM software: planning applications and execution applications. Planning applications use advanced algorithms to determine he best way to fill an orde r.Execution applications track the physical status of goods, the management of materials, and financial information involving all parties. Some SCM applications are based on open data models that support the sharing of data both inside and outside the enterprise (this is called the extended enterprise, and includes key suppliers, manufacturers, and end customers of a specific company). This shared data may reside in diverse database systems, or data warehouses, at several different sites and companies.By sharing this data â€Å"upstream† (with a company's suppliers) and â€Å"downstream† (with a company's lients), SCM applications have the potential to improve the time-to-market of 2 products, reduce costs, and allow all parties in the supply chain to better manage current resources and plan for future needs. Increasing numbers of companies are turning to Web sites and Web-based applications as part of the SCM solution.A number of major Web sites offer EProcurement mar ketplaces where manufacturers can trade and even make auction bids with suppliers. Basic research question of the study is whether Square Company as a whole can manage supply chain properly? Definition Of Communication Or Sharing Information A modern communications system is first concerned with the storing, processing and sometimes storing of information before its transmission.The actual transmission then follows, with further processing and the filtering of noise. (KENNEDY, 1998) Communication must include both the transference and understanding of meaning. (ROBBINS, 2003). Communication is the transmission of information and meaning from one individual group to another. (GUFFY, 2000). the receiver is decoding the idea or concept. Therefore without feedback no communication will happen or exist. (HUSSAIN, 2005) We said communication is â€Å"how we share any information with others†.So, we can define communication as a transfer of meaningful message to the receiver with th e hope to receive a feedback. AN overview Of SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT Supply Chain Management as a concept has been widely accredited to a Booz Allen consultant named Keith Oliver who in 1982 defined the concept as follows: â€Å"Supply chain management (SCM) is the process of planning, implementing, and controlling the operations of the supply chain with the purpose to satisfy customer requirements as efficiently as possible.Supply chain management spans all ovement and storage of raw materials, work-in-process inventory, and finished goods from point-of-origin to point-of-consumption†. This seems to be the earliest published definition and therefore places the concept of Supply Chain Management at approximately 26 years old. We can see that â€Å"Supply Chain† without the â€Å"Management† is referenced in the definition, so we know that the general idea of a supply flow through a business was recognized prior to Olivers definition.What Oliver really captured w as the conscious and deliberate control, integration, and management of the business functions contributing to, and affecting that supply flow hrough the business, for the purpose of improving performance, costs, flexibility etc, and for the ultimate benefit of the end customer. 3 The concept has been defined in simpler terms since that time and is often captured with five words: Plan, Source, Make, Deliver, and Return.Both of these definitions allude to a manufacturing origin but of course Supply Chain Management is as relevant to service, retail, distribution, and most other types of companies as it is to manufacturing. The area of Supply Chain Management has enjoyed a meteoric rise in significance over the last twenty to thirty years as businesses have tried to establish dvantage, and felt the pressure to keep up, in an increasingly homogeneous and competitive global business environment. Japanese manufacturing companies brought great emphasis to the area of Supply Chain Manageme nt in the 1980's and early 1990's.Awareness of Supply Chain Management tools such as â€Å"Just In Time† and â€Å"Kan Ban† spread rapidly and became globally accepted best practice amongst volume manufacturing businesses. Western businesses raced to keep pace with a rapidly changing environment, dragging their supply bases, and sometimes employees behind them. At the same time companies like SAP and Oracle were eveloping the complex IT systems that would be essential for enabling large complex businesses to effectively integrate and managing the sub areas that combined to make complex supply chains.Of course the elements of Supply Chain Management have always existed in business. What changed was the willingness of businesses to recognize the inter- coordination and integration, both from a strategy / planning perspective and operationally. The sub areas comprising a supply chain include: Forecasting/Planning Purchasing/Procurement Logistics Operations Inventory Manag ement Transport Warehousing Distribution Customer Service Today, Supply Chain Management is an accepted term in our business glossary. However, it is difficult to find a standard model of Supply Chain Management operating in the business community.We continue to see variations on the theme. Some business will refer to and manage their supply chains in a coordinated and all encompassing fashion, including all of the sub areas defined above. Others will integrate some elements of the supply chain, for example purchasing and logistics and call this Supply Chain Management. Many will refer 4 conceptually to Supply Chain Management, but only address it specifically at the eneral management level. One area of confusion arises because Supply Chain Management is both a horizontal business function (i. e. anaging the supply chain in a business), and a vertical industry sector (i. e. businesses involved in managing supply chains on behalf of their clients). A company like TDG operates as a su pply chain services provider, within the vertical supply chain industry sector. But each of the clients serviced by TDG will employ supply chain staff within their business operating on a horizontal basis across their organization. The â€Å"supply chain industry' sector as the vertical is often eferred to, is largely restricted to transport and storage type operations.Distributing products on behalf of clients. Whereas, the horizontal supply chain functional areas encompass the entire supply chain spectrum across a business. Supply Chain Management has matured from a compelling method of deriving competitive advantage, to a â€Å"ticket to ride†. Its is now a baseline expectation for any company wishing to compete in the 21st Century, and with that the professions and occupations comprising Supply Chain Management are now firmly entrenched in the armory of essential business executives.The sub areas comprising Supply Chain Management are defined further below: Forecasting / Planning All business needs to forecast and plan. To look forward and predict what will be required in terms of resources and materials in order to deliver their product or demand planning, inventory planning, capacity planning etc Purchasing / Procurement The commercial part of the supply chain is purchasing. Otherwise it's known as Buying or Procurement. This is where a business identifies suppliers to provide the products and services that it needs to acquire in order to create and deliver its own ervice or product.Costs and terms of business are negotiated and agreed and contracts created. Thereafter the suppliers' performance and future contractual arrangements will be managed in this area. This area of the business is sometimes referred to as purchasing, sometimes, procurement, buying, sourcing, etc. However, all titles relate to the acquisition of materials and services. The difference between purchasing and procurement is largely academic as, whilst there is a theoretical d ifference between them, businesses use the titles interchangeably for the two variations of activity.You will for example find manufacturing companies with purchasing departments that are actually doing procurement roles, and you will find service based organizations with 5 procurement departments but in fact doing purchasing roles. In its strictest definition purchasing is limited to the actual commercial transaction and no more, whilst procurement includes the wider elements of the acquisition, including logistics and performance management. In its strictest definition logistics refers to the movement of goods or materials, whether inbound, through, or outbound.In some manufacturing businesses orecasting and planning will be found within a logistics department, in other businesses logistics will be exclusively managing the movement and transportation of goods and materials. Operations are a general management type activity ensuring that a business uses its resources effectively to meet its customer commitments. Usually referring to the conversion activity of the business, i. e. the point where the acquired resources and/ or materials are converted into the product or service that the business is selling on to its customers.Sometimes found within Logistics Management, or Demand Planning or Operations, Inventory Management typically takes responsibility for both the replenishment of physical stock, the levels of physical stock, and of course storage and issue of physical stock. Stock may be materials and goods sourced from suppliers, work in progress, or finished goods awaiting sale/dispatch. Transport management can involve the control of a company owned fleet of vehicles, collecting, moving, or delivering materials and goods, or managing transport services sourced from a 3rd party transport provider.Like transport management, warehousing can involve the control of company arehouse space, or managing warehouse space sourced from 3rd party providers. 6 Distrib ution involves the physical distribution of the company's products to the sub- distributor or directly to the customer base. Typically this is a combined transport and warehousing operation, responsible for storing and delivering products to meet the customer's needs. Again this combined activity will often be placed with a 3rd party service provider who will control and implement the processes.Most people do not recognize customer service as part of supply chain management, but it is in fact the final piece in the Jigs aw. Having taken the business inputs, created and delivered a product or service, the final element is to check that the customers expectations were achieved, and manage any actions necessary to meet your customer obligations and commitments. Supply Chain Management System In Square: For any organization supply chain management communication process is very important.